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SIFA 2025
29Sep

State of Internet Freedom In Africa Report

Author CIPESA Posted on

2025 State of Internet Freedom In Africa Report Documents the Implications of AI on Digital Democracy in Africa

By Juliet Nanfuka | 

The 2025 edition of the Forum on Internet Freedom in Africa (FIFAfrica25) concluded on a high note with the unveiling of the latest State of Internet Freedom in Africa (SIFA) report. Titled Navigating the Implications of AI on Digital Democracy in Africa, this landmark study unpacks how artificial intelligence is shaping, disrupting, and reimagining civic space and digital rights across the continent.

Drawing on research from 14 countries (Cameroon, Egypt, Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria, Rwanda, Senegal, South Africa, Tunisia, Uganda, and Zimbabwe), the report documents both the immense promise and the urgent perils of AI in Africa. It highlights AI’s potential to strengthen democratic participation, improve public services, and drive innovation, while also warning of its role in amplifying surveillance, disinformation, and exclusion. 

Using a qualitative approach, including literature review and key informant interviews, the report shows that AI is rapidly transforming how Africans interact with technology, yet AI also amplifies existing vulnerabilities, introduces new challenges that undermine fundamental freedoms, and deepens existing inequalities.

The report notes that the political environment is a crucial determinant of AI’s trajectory, with strong democracies generally enabling a positive outcome. Top performers in freedom and governance indices such as South Africa, Ghana, Namibia, and Senegal are more likely to set the standard to AI rollout in Africa. Conversely, countries with lower democratic credentials such as Cameroon, Egypt, Ethiopia, and Rwanda risk constraining AI’s potential or deploying it to amplify digital authoritarianism and political repression.  

Countries such as South Africa, Tunisia and Egypt that have a higher internet access and technological development, Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita, and score highly on the Human Development Index (HDI), are more likely to lead in AI. Meanwhile, countries with lower or weaker levels of digital infrastructure face greater challenges and higher risks of AI replicating and worsening existing divides. Such countries include Cameroon, Mozambique and Uganda.

The political environment is a crucial determinant of AI’s trajectory, with strong democracies generally enabling a positive outcome. Economic and developmental status also dictates the capacity for AI development and adoption. 

Despite these challenges, the report documents that AI offers substantial value to the public sector by improving service delivery and enhancing transparency. Governments are leveraging AI tools for efficiency, such as the South African Revenue Services (SARS) AI Assistant for tax assessments and Nigeria’s Service-Wise GPT for streamlined governance document access. In Kenya, the Sauti ya Bajeti (Voice of the Budget) platform fosters fiscal transparency by allowing citizens to query and track government expenditures. Furthermore, countries like Tunisia and Uganda are using AI models within tax bodies to detect fraud, while Rwanda is deploying AI for judicial system improvements and identity management at borders.

The private sector and academic institutions are driving AI-inspired innovation, particularly in the areas of FinTech, AgriTech, and Natural Language Processing (NLP). For the latter, notable efforts to localise AI include Tunisia’s TUNBERT model for Tunisian Arabic, and Ghana’s Khaya, an open-source AI-powered translator tailored for local languages. In Ghana, the DeafCanTalk, is an AI-powered app that enables bidirectional translation between sign language and spoken language, and has enhanced accessibility for deaf users. Rwanda has integrated AI into healthcare using drone delivery systems for medical supplies, while Cameroon and Uganda use AI to assist farmers with pest identification. 

However, despite increasing investment, such as the ongoing USD 720 million investment in compute power by Cassava Technologies across hubs in South Africa, Egypt, Kenya, Morocco, and Nigeria, Africa receives  significantly lower AI funding than global counterparts.

Moreover, while AI is gaining traction across many sectors, the proliferation of AI-generated misinformation and disinformation is a pervasive and growing challenge that poses a critical threat to electoral integrity. During South Africa’s 2024 elections, deepfake videos were circulated to manipulate perceptions and endorse political entities. Similarly, during elections and protests in Kenya and Namibia, deepfake technology and automated campaigns were used to discredit opponents. 

The report also documents that governments are deploying AI-powered surveillance technologies, which has led to widespread privacy violations and a chilling effect on freedoms. For example, pro-government propagandists in Rwanda utilised Large Language Models (LLMs) to mass-produce synthetic messages on social media, simulating authentic support and suppressing dissenting voices. Meanwhile, algorithmic bias and exclusion are producing discriminatory outcomes, particularly against low-resource African languages. Also, AI-based content moderation is often ineffective because it lacks contextual understanding and fails to capture local nuance.

A key finding in the report is that across the continent, the pace of AI development far outstrips regulatory readiness. None of the 14 study countries has AI-specific legislation. Instead, fragmented laws on data protection, cybercrime, and copyright are stretched to cover AI, but remain inadequate. Data protection authorities are under-resourced, under-staffed, and often lack the technical expertise required to audit or govern complex AI systems.

Although many national AI strategies are emerging, they prioritise economic growth while neglecting human rights and accountability. This is also fuelled by policy processes that are often opaque and dominated by state actors, with limited multistakeholder participation.

The report  stresses that without deliberate, inclusive, and rights-centred governance, AI risks entrenching authoritarianism and exacerbating inequalities. 

To avoid the current trajectory that AI is taking in Africa, in which AI risks entrenching authoritarianism and exacerbating inequalities, the report calls for a human-centred AI governance framework built on inclusivity, transparency, and context. 

It also makes recommendations, including enacting comprehensive AI-specific legislation, instituting mandatory human rights impact assessments, establishing empowered AI and data governance institutions, and promoting rights-based advocacy. Others are building technical capacity across governments, civil society and media, and developing policies that prioritise equity and human dignity alongside innovation.

AI offers Africa the opportunity to foster innovation, strengthen democracy, and drive sustainable development. This edition of the State of Internet Freedom in Africa report provides an evidence-based roadmap to ensure that Africa’s digital future remains open, inclusive, and rights-respecting.Find the report here.

29Sep

The African Declaration on Digital Freedom and Democracy

Author CIPESA Posted on

FIFAfrica25 |

The African Declaration on Digital Freedom and Democracy (the declaration) was adopted in Windhoek, Namibia. Spearheaded by the Collaboration on International ICT Policy for East and Southern Africa (CIPESA), conveners of the annual Forum on Internet Freedom in Africa (FIFAfrica), this declaration is a collective statement of principles and commitments by a multi-stakeholder assembly of digital rights actors from across Africa and beyond. 

For decades, Namibia has demonstrated unmatched commitment to democratic governance, press freedom, and inclusive digital development.  It holds a unique and powerful legacy in the global media and information landscape, having been the birthplace of the 1991 Windhoek Declaration on Promoting Independent and Pluralistic Media and the Windhoek+30 Declaration of 2021, which expanded the 1991 Windhoek principles to the digital age and reaffirmed that information is a public good.

In the digital age, where emerging challenges such as information integrity, Artificial Intelligence (AI) governance, connectivity gaps, and platform accountability continue to shape our societies, the hosting of FIFAfrica and the unveiling of the African Declaration on Digital Freedom and Democracy in Namibia mark a historic milestone for the digital rights movement across the continent.

This Declaration reaffirms our collective commitment to advancing digital democracy as a cornerstone of open, inclusive, and rights-respecting societies. It reflects our shared readiness to champion access to information, information integrity, data governance, online safety, and digital resilience.

These principles are not just aspirations—they are fundamental tenets of modern democracy. As Africa navigates the complexities of the digital era, this Declaration serves as a guiding framework to ensure that technology empowers rather than excludes, protects rather than exploits, and strengthens rather than undermines democratic values. For us, internet freedom is freedom from digitally-enabled oppression and exploitation, and freedom for shaping technology to serve the full development of Africa’s people and environment.

Preamble

We, the undersigned participants of FIFAfrica25, representing civil society, the tech community, media, the business sector, and individuals across Africa:

Confronted by the reality that nearly half of African citizens still do not have access to the internet and that this digital divide excludes them from exercising any of their rights online;

Guided by the reality that digital technologies now shape and inform nearly every aspect of the human experience, from civic participation and economic opportunity to education, health, and justice;

Recognising that while technological advancement presents extraordinary opportunities to enhance the protection of human rights, it also poses grave risks to democratic participation, social justice, and freedoms across Africa;

Acknowledging that Africa, as the youngest continent rich in cultures, languages, social fabrics, and economic potential, is nonetheless confronted with worrying democratic regression and the misuse of digital technologies that deepen exclusion and exacerbate harms, as well as unequal standards by international tech companies in terms of human rights protection and promotion in our countries;

Affirming that at the intersection of democracy, society, and digital technology lies the opportunity for Africans to transform and harness technology as an enabler of improved services and the enjoyment of human rights for all;

Reaffirming the importance of existing continental declarations and frameworks such as the African Declaration on Internet Rights and Freedoms, the M20 Declaration on Information Integrity for the public good, the Model Law on Access to Information, the African Union Convention on Cyber Security and Personal Data Protection, the Declaration of Principles on Freedom of Expression and Access to Information in Africa and the recent digital resolutions 620, 630, 631 and 639 at  the African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights (ACHPR);

Guided by complementary frameworks including the African Union Digital Transformation Strategy (2020–2030), the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) Digital Trade Protocol, and the AU Continental Artificial Intelligence Strategy, which collectively signal Africa’s determination to build a progressive, inclusive, and rights-respecting digital democracy;

Committed to ensuring that technology serves as a tool of empowerment and inclusion rather than exclusion, placing Africa’s citizens at the heart of digital democracy while upholding the necessary safeguards for fundamental freedoms;

Recognising that as technology continues to evolve at an unprecedented pace, deliberate action is required to ensure that its commercial drivers and related architectures are shaped to strengthen rather than undermine democratic values;

Affirm through this Digital Democracy Declaration for Africa, our shared vision of a continent where technology advances human rights, safeguards freedoms, and strengthens inclusive democratic participation.

Determined to defend and advance the rights, freedoms, and security of all Africans in the digital era;

Do hereby adopt this Declaration on Digital Freedom and Democracy.

Our Principles

  1. Universal Access, Meaningful Inclusion:
    1. Every African has the right to affordable, safe, and meaningful access to the internet, regardless of gender, age, location, ability, language, or socio-economic status.
    2. Internet shutdowns should never be implemented as tools of control. All forms of network disruptions must be stopped and digital inclusion prioritised to bridge digital divides.
    3. Digital spaces must be protected as arenas for free expression, access to information, peaceful assembly, and association, and spaces where privacy is respected, thus enabling citizens to engage without fear of censorship, intimidation or reprisal. A democratic Africa is one where citizens can confidently challenge power online and offline.
    4. Political participation online must reflect the diversity of Africa’s peoples, ensuring gender equality, youth participation, and the inclusion of historically marginalised groups.
  1. Transparency, Oversight and Accountability:
    • Governments and private actors must be transparent about how digital technologies are designed, deployed, and governed. Accountability mechanisms must protect and enhance the rights of citizens. Independent oversight and accountability mechanisms that protect citizens from unchecked surveillance, manipulation, and digital repression should be established and operationalised.
  2. People-centred Digital Transformation:
    • Digital systems must be designed to serve people first. Every innovation must advance human dignity, agency, and rights. We reiterate that Africa’s digital future cannot be built on systems that surveil, exclude, or exploit people and citizens.
    • The digital divide structures access to information and impacts people differently. It is critical that the needs of marginalised groups, whether by urban rural sex or age, are specifically addressed in efforts to ensure technology is people-centred.
    • Governments must develop people-centered laws and policies that promote affordable, secure, and universal internet access supported by inclusive ICT infrastructure developed through public-private partnerships.
    • Accountability of digital operators is needed to ensure public interest prerogatives are respected, and this requires multistakeholder engagement and independent regulatory and governance processes.
  3. Electoral and Political Rights:
    • Electoral processes in both online and offline respects must be transparent, independently monitored, and guided by impartial institutions to promote and enhance accountability
    • Voters must be guaranteed safety before, during, and after elections, including protection from physical violence, digital harassment, and state repression.
    • Political participation is not limited to elections—it encompasses civic engagement, peaceful assembly, association, access to information and free expression both online and offline.
    • Civic engagement and digital participation must be protected as pillars of accountability.
    • Misinformation and disinformation, along with hate speech, affect information integrity during elections, thereby putting election integrity into question. Any measures to address information integrity must comply with international human rights law.
  4. Civil Liberties:
    • The rule of law must protect political dissent and freedom of expression online and offline.
    • Practices that undermine democracy, including undue and unwarranted surveillance, censorship, cyberattacks and the criminalisation of speech including imprisonment, harassment, or physical violence targeting dissenters should be stopped.
  • Data Justice:
    • Data can be an enabler or disabler of human rights. It must be governed with justice, sovereignty, equity, and ethics at its core. Privacy, informed and active agency over consent and accountability are non-negotiable. Policies must protect individuals from targeted exploitation and abuse by states and corporations, while upholding data sovereignty and ensuring the use of this asset for the benefit of all.
    • Regional economic blocs must commit to harmonising digital rights frameworks across member states, reducing fragmentation and ensuring continent-wide protection of freedoms.
    • Data holders in both public and private sectors should be subject to transparent and open. access regimes that are guided by public interest criteria, with only narrowly framed exceptions that accord with international standards of legality, legitimate purpose, necessity and proportionality rationales for refusing disclosure.
  • Digital Resilience and Security
    • Societies must be protected from digital harms such as disinformation, cyberattacks, and tech-facilitated violence against women and vulnerable communities, which are used to violate the rights to expression, equality, privacy and dignity of these persons. The responsibility for protection should not be the sole burden of individuals.
    • Protection must be through rights-respecting safeguards without compromising  fundamental freedoms.  Safeguards must strengthen trust, protect electoral cycle processes, defend the media, public protest, and secure online communities while fully upholding rights.
    • Resilience requires African stakeholders to work collectively to empower internet users with critical agency about their right to a free, rights-respecting and open internet.
  • Innovation for Equity:
    • Emerging technologies and approaches, from artificial intelligence (AI) to digital public infrastructure, must be designed, developed, adopted and deployed to promote fairness, equity, sustainability, democracy and transparency, while safeguarding all individuals against bias, surveillance, and exploitation.
    • Governments, the private sector including the tech community and other stakeholders must  ensure these technologies advance shared prosperity rather than entrenching the power and interests of the privileged.
    • Incentives should be put in place for Africa-centric innovations, involving African data, rather than exclusive reliance on imported technology and services.
  • Universality of Rights
    • All people, regardless of who they are or where they live, must  enjoy equitable rights and freedoms. The right to access, use, and shape digital technologies is a direct extension of fundamental human rights.

Calls To Action

We, the undersigned further call upon governments, regional bodies, big tech and corporations, media, civil society, and citizens to commit to:

Governments

  • Protect democratic spaces online and offline, and to ensure that policies and laws uphold fundamental rights and freedoms.
  • Adhere to and domesticate progressive frameworks built upon public consultation efforts and embedding them into national digital strategies.
  • Reject network disruptions and refrain from using internet shutdowns, social media shutdowns or throttling as tools of information control, especially during times of public interest such as elections and protests.
  • Support the establishment of independent regulatory bodies, free from political interference, to ensure trust, safety, and accountability in digital governance.
  • Take deliberate measures, including sustained investment, public-private partnerships,and digital literacy initiatives, to expand affordable, reliable internet infrastructure and ensure meaningful access for marginalised and  underserved communities.
  • Invest in affordable and reliable internet infrastructure, and prioritize marginalized and underserved communities.
  • Introduce enabling regulation and financing for community-centred connectivity initiatives, public access, access in schools and universities and partnerships with the private sector and civil society.

Regional Bodies

  • Harmonise digital rights frameworks across member states to reduce fragmentation and protect freedoms continent-wide.
  • Actively monitor and publicly hold states accountable for digital rights violations such as shutdowns, surveillance overreach, and censorship, especially during elections.
  • Support democratic consolidation by monitoring elections, promoting digital rights, and ensuring states uphold their obligations under African and international frameworks.
  • Advance digital inclusion by prioritising cross-border connectivity and ensuring affordable access to information infrastructure.
  • Support pan-African approaches towards ensuring that foreign data holders provide access to African stakeholders at the highest standards where they do so in other parts of the world.

Big Tech and Corporations with digital and democratic significance

  • Respect and integrate African social and linguistic standards in platform design, data governance, and content moderation practices.
  • Increase transparency and measures around algorithms, data practices, and the handling of harmful content.
  • Invest in public interest media and digital literacy initiatives that counter disinformation and strengthen civic participation and engagement.
  • Partner with African institutions, including civil society, media, academia and tech hubs to support inclusive digital economies without reinforcing dependency or exploitation.

Civil Society

  • Champion the principles of digital democracy by holding governments and corporations accountable to transparency, fairness, and rights-based governance.
  • Strengthen cross-border coalitions to push back against practices such as internet shutdowns, unlawful surveillance, and exclusionary digital policies.
  • Amplify the voices of marginalised groups by ensuring that digital transformation agendas reflect the lived realities of all Africans.
  • Research and monitor online opportunities and threats to human rights in Africa, including the performance of platforms and AI services in these respects.

Citizens

  • Meaningfully and purposefully participate actively in digital spaces through exercising freedoms of expression, assembly, association and public engagements.
  • Demand accountability from leaders and tech companies over data collection, processing and management.
  • In promoting digital democracy, act ethically and accountably in terms of respect for human rightswhen using digital technologies, fact-check, and ensure that the digital rights of others are respected.

All stakeholders

  • Join the movement for #InternetFreedomAfrica by sharing experiences and advocating for meaningful, inclusive access to the internet in your community.

Media:

  • Act as watchdogs to raise awareness and monitor digital governance regimes, safeguard electoral integrity, amplify diverse voices, and counter disinformation that undermines democratic participation.

Do you want to endorse the declaration? Please complete this form to give a reaction or to add your name to the African Declaration on Digital Freedom and Democracy!

Our Call to Action

The African Declaration on Digital Freedom and Democracy is not a conclusion, but a continuous process that should operate in tandem with the evolving needs of society, democratic participation and technology.

We, the undersigned call upon individuals, communities, and institutions across Africa to support this declaration and undertake efforts to ensure that the underlying principles are protected, respected, and promoted by all stakeholders for an inclusive, improved and favourable civic space:

This Declaration is endorsed by the following organisations, the tech community, media, business sector and individuals:

  1. Collaboration on International ICT Policy for East and Southern Africa (CIPESA)
  2. AfricTivistes
  3. KICTANet
  4. Paradigm Initiative (PIN)
  5. Access Now
  6. NMT Media Foundation
  7. International Media Support
  8. South African National Editors’ Forum (Sanef)
  9. Media Monitoring Africa

23Sep

UNESCO Supports Collaborative Consultation on African Languages and Knowledge Systems at FIFAfrica25

Author CIPESA Posted on

FIFAfrica25 |

At the upcoming 12th edition of the Forum on Internet Freedom in Africa (FIFAfrica) set to take place on September 24-26, UNESCO in partnership with the Collaboration on International ICT Policy for East and Southern Africa (CIPESA) will host an expert consultation on addressing harmful content, disinformation and hate speech, by promoting digital inclusion through leveraging Africa’s indigenous languages.

The multi-stakeholder consultation aims to develop practical recommendations and foster collaborations to integrate African indigenous languages into digital safety, content moderation, and inclusion strategies.

The consultation seeks to recognising the UN International Decade of Indigenous Languages (2022-2032), UNESCO’s Guidelines for the Governance of Digital Platforms, and the UN Global Principles on Information Integrity. These frameworks all call for multi-stakeholder actions to ensure technology serves all communities equitably. As such, this multi-stakeholder consultation at FIFAfrica aims to bridge global principles with African realities. Discussions will explore how to shift the paradigm from viewing local and indigenous languages as a challenge for platforms to recognising them as a critical asset for building a safer and more inclusive internet for all.

The discussions will unpack the significant moderation gap facing local and Indigenous African languages by mapping the technical, resource, and data deficits in line with UNESCO’s work on fostering freedom of expression (online and offline), the participants will also provide expert inputs in strategic consultative sessions on Resolutions 620 (data), 630 (information integrity), and 631 (Public service content) by the African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights (ACHPR), which will take place at the Forum. that undermine effective content moderation and the development of AI tools for low-resource languages. Participants will also explore how Indigenous knowledge systems—particularly traditional methods of verification, dialogue, and conflict resolution—can strengthen community-level responses to disinformation when integrated into modern media and information literacy (MIL) programmes.

Complementing this, the conversations will focus on what it takes to build a sustainable linguistic ecosystem, including the policy interventions, funding models, and multi-stakeholder partnerships required to support the creation of digital tools and content, such as keyboards and NLP models in Indigenous languages like those supported by Masakhane. Finally, the discussions will consider how global frameworks can be adapted to Africa’s contexts to create practical, actionable pathways for technology companies and policymakers across Eastern Africa.

The consultation will comprise academics, technologists, civil society actors, and the media. CIPESA is pleased to receive the support of UNESCO at FIFAfrica, including enabling experts from Nigeria, Ghana, and South Africa to also contribute to consultations on Resolutions 620 (data), 630 (information integrity), and 631 (Public service content) by the African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights (ACHPR). These efforts are in line with UNESCO’s work on fostering freedom of expression, including through the. Social Media 4 Peace (SM4P) global initiative.

22Sep

FIFAfrica25 Invites YOU to “Be The Experience”!

Author CIPESA Posted on

FIFAfrica25 |

This year, we invite participants of the Forum on Internet Freedom in Africa (FIFAfrica25) to “Be the experience!” The Forum will encourage attendees, onsite or participating remotely to engage in various interactions that bring digital rights issues to life.  These experiences aim to break down barriers between complex digital rights policy concepts and real-world lived experiences. Ultimately, whether you are a policymaker, activist, journalist, academic, technologist, or artist, FIFAfrica25 will have a space for you to contribute.

Here is what we have lined up: 

  • An online community of attendees already meeting and engaging with each other on various topics. Be sure to be registered on the event platform to join in. 
  • An immersive exhibition where various organisations and individuals will share their work and artworks.
  • A biker doing a round trip across 10 countries (more details below) to advance the call for the #RoadToDigitalSafety 

A Run for #InternetFreedomAfrica that aims to bring together participants to jog, or walk in solidarity with the call for a free, fair and open internet. More details below.

“Be The Experience” and Win!

We have some goodies lined up to reward those who have lived up to the FIFAfrica’s Be The Experience experience, this could be through vibrant engagement that gets you high scores on the event leader board, sharing compelling post online – and tagging us, through to active engagement in sessions and with the different exhibitors at the Forum.  Use the hashtags #InternetFreedomAfrica and #FIFAfrica25 to join a vibrant community working to shape a more open, inclusive, and rights-respecting digital future for the continent. Be sure to also follow CIPESA (@cipesaug) on X, Facebook and LinkedIn.

The Journey To FIFAfrica25 Already Begun

A week ago, Andrew Gole set off on an extraordinary solo motorbike journey that will span over 13,000 km across 10 African countries. His mission is to ride from Uganda all the way to Windhoek, Namibia – arriving just in time for the Forum on Internet Freedom in Africa (FIFAfrica25) where he will also be part of the Digital Security Hub. Here are some pictures of Gole at the Kenya – Uganda border alongside members of the bikers club the accompanied him from Kampala to the border.

Andrew Gole set off from Kampala, Uganda on September 12, 2025 and as of today, has traversed five of the ten countries he is expected to journey through on hos #RoadToDigitalSafey.

Join the Run for #InternetFreedomAfrica Is Heading to Windhoek


We are taking the movement for digital rights beyond the conference halls and onto the streets. On September 24, 2025, join a community of attendees and everyday internet users for a run and walk that celebrates our collective call for a free, open and secure internet across Africa.

The run is set to coincide with the arrival of Andrew Gole who is riding from Uganda to Namibia. By being a part of the run – and several other morning runs that will be part of the Forum (look out for updates in the event platform).  Whether you’re jogging, walking, or cheering from the sidelines, the Run for Internet Freedom is a moment to be part of a movement that builds digital resilience. digital inclusion and pushes back against digital repression.

More details will be shared about the run soon.

15Sep

Digital Access As A Tool To Defend Democracy

Author CIPESA Posted on

By Juliet Nanfuka | 

The link between digital access and democracy has come to inform civic engagement, access to information and freedom of expression in Africa. With most of the continent navigating flawed or fragile democracies, digital access has become a tool of both empowerment for citizens, and a tool of control by states. This makes the International Day of Democracy a vital commemoration of what is at risk if democracy is not defended. 

This year, in various African countries, through affronts to the media, clampdown on critical voices and opposition actors as well as network disruptions, states have used their position to undermine human rights and breed  distrust in electoral integrity.

Since July 2024, a block to internet access remains enforced in the Equatorial Guinean island of Annobón following public protest against environmental degradation by Somagec, a Moroccan construction company. Despite the public outcries, the company’s operations on the island continue. Equatorial Guinea, is headed by Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo, Africa’s longest-serving president. His son serves as the Vice President and is accused of spending state funds on a lavish lifestyle.

In Kenya, in the wake of a May 2025 landmark ruling against network disruptions, a Telegram block was initiated. The disruption occurred close to the anniversary of the June 2024 protests against the rising cost of living in the country that resulted in the #RejectThefinanceBill outcry. The May ruling noted that disruptions to digital access are unconstitutional and amount to the violation of fundamental rights.

On September 6, 2025, the online license of the popular online discussion group, JamiiForums was suspended by the Tanzania Communications Regulatory Authority (TCRA)  for three months for reportedly publishing content that violates the Electronic and Postal Communications Regulations regarding online content. In a public post, Jamii Forums noted that TCRA’s decision arose from the platform’s publication of details of share ownership in Tanzania’s largest coal mine (Ngaka), as well as reports about meetings between the President of Tanzania and controversial Zimbabwean businessman Wicknell Chivayo  “without verifying the facts.” In a statement, Community to Protect Journalists (CPJ) Regional Director Angela Quintal noted that, “JamiiForums’ suspension is the latest sign of the Tanzanian government’s deepening suppression of public discourse and raises concerns about access to information ahead of the October 29 elections.”

Meanwhile, Uganda remains in the shadow of a Facebook block initiated nearly five years ago ahead of the 2021 elections. On January 11, 2021 Facebook suspended the accounts of a number of government officials and members of the ruling National Resistance Movement (NRM) party  for what it described as Coordinated Inauthentic Behaviour (CIB) aimed at manipulating public debate. Twitter (now X) also suspended similar accounts. The state consequently blocked social media access and thereafter access to the entire internet and mobile money services. Although access to the internet and mobile money services was restored a few days after the January 14, 2021 election, access to Facebook remains blocked. Uganda heads to the polls in early 2026 and will see incumbent Yoweri Museveni run for re-election in a bid to extend his 40-year rule.

In the 2024 edition of the State of Internet Freedom in Africa report, the Collaboration on International ICT Policy for East and Southern Africa (CIPESA) highlighted the interplay between technology and elections and the practice of the majority of authoritarian governments to selectively limit access as a tool to exert power.

The report indicated various concerns including the intensification of digital authoritarianism amidst shrinking civic space. It noted that digital surveillance has become a defining tool of state power, moving beyond traditional intelligence agencies into everyday governance through digital ID  projects, biometric databases, Closed Circuit Television (CCTV) networks, and covert spyware. All this in contexts where there are weak safeguards for personal data and insufficient regulatory oversight, leaving citizens vulnerable.

Meanwhile, misinformation and disinformation, significantly enhanced by Artificial Intelligence (AI) generated content, adds yet another threat electoral processes. It is increasingly distorting public perception and undermines informed decision-making, particularly in contexts with low digital literacy. This is in addition to the use of bots and paid  influencers to amplify propaganda and “demote” opposing views, making inauthentic content appear genuine. Social media platforms are often criticised for deploying insufficient resources for content moderation in Africa, leading to slow responses and poor enforcement of policies against harmful content, including online gender-based violence.

Ultimately, more actors in the digital ecosystem including civil society organisations, the tech community, media and academia should leverage their watchdog role to document digital rights abuses; educate and raise awareness on the importance of access to information, free expression, data privacy; and promote equitable AI governance, in order to advance transparency and accountability of platforms and governments.
At the upcoming September 24-26, 2025, Forum on Internet Freedom in Africa (FIFafrica25), a series of sessions will critically examine digital democracy on the continent. The goal is to chart practical pathways for strengthening civic participation and ensuring that Africa’s digital future is inclusive, accountable, and rights-respecting.

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