CIPESA Engages Ugandan Members of Parliament on Implementation of Access to Information Law

By Loyce Kyogabirwe |
It is 12 years since Uganda passed an access to information law with the purpose of promoting transparency and accountability in all organs of the state by providing the public with timely, accessible and accurate information. The law also empowers the public to scrutinise and to participate in government decisions. However, the law has remained largely unimplemented as many Ministries, Departments and Agencies (MDAs) ignore citizens’ requests for information and rarely release information pro-actively, which contravenes the law.
“I have sent several information requests to the Ask Your Government (AYG) Uganda portal. It is now three months and I have never received any feedback,” said Cuthbert Abigaba, Member of Parliament (MP) for Kibaale county in Kamwenge district, while speaking at an engagement of Uganda’s MPs on implementing the Access to Information Act 2005. Organised by the Collaboration on International ICT Policy for East and Southern Africa (CIPESA) on July 13, 2017, the convening was a follow up on an earlier engagement with the MPs on their duties and responsibilities in enforcing the access to information law.
Section 43 of the Access to Information Act requires parliament to receive annual reports from each minister detailing all requests received from citizens for access to records or information, and indicating whether access was granted or not, and where access was not given, the reasons for the denial.
However, Parliament has never received any such reports, nor has it asked ministries to comply with this provision of the law. This issue was also raised earlier in April 2017 when CIPESA presented a position paper on the State of Access to Information in Uganda to MPs on the ICT Committee. The paper highlights some government initiatives to promote access to information, identifies gaps in the law, and makes recommendations for amendments to the law in order to enhance citizens’ access to information.
At the this month’s meeting, CIPESA presented to 16 MPs a comparative analysis of access to information legislation in East Africa and urged the lawmakers to pursue the proposed amendments so as to align Uganda’s law with progressive provisions in some of the East African Community (EAC) Member States’ laws, as well as to international human rights instruments.

 “While it is recognised that the EAC region is progressing in promoting the right to information, there are a number of issues that have bottlenecked citizens’ right to information. These include: lack of access to information by non-citizens in Uganda, Kenya and South Sudan; lack of ATI regulations in Rwanda, Kenya, Tanzania and South Sudan; lack of a clear definition of security information by Uganda; lack of provision for transferability of requests in South Sudan; limited scope of bodies the law applies to in Uganda; prohibitive access fees in Uganda, as well as the lack of clear complaints mechanisms in Uganda.” Comparative Analysis of Access to Information Legislation in Africa, June 2017.

During the meeting, the MPs expressed concern over insufficient knowledge among legislators about their duties and responsibilities under the law. They also noted that citizens were not sufficiently aware of their rights and the obligations of public officials. The legislators called for wider awareness raising to increase citizens’ demand for information. “If a Member of Parliament like me did not know the access to information law, what about the citizens who are not even educated?” said Rose Mutonyi, MP for Bubulo West, Manafwa district.
On the other hand, the MPs appreciated the recommendations and proposed amendments contained in the two position papers and suggested an action plan for meaningfully implementing the access to information law. Among the strategies put forward was to engage the Office of the Speaker of Parliament, sensitise more MPs to demand for annual reports from ministers, and engage ministers to submit the annual reports.
Nonetheless, the MPs cited the need for more capacity building on access to information for the majority of legislators to inform their discussions in parliament. As noted by Majegere Kyewalabye, MP for Bunya East, Mayuge district, “We need to be prepared more before we can go on the floor of parliament to present these issues.”
The engagement with MPs was organised by CIPESA in partnership with the Greater Parliamentary North Forum in the context of the ICT4Democracy in East Africa initiative’s objective to engage stakeholders on supportive policies and practices for human rights and democratic governance in East Africa.
 

Young Social Media Enthusiasts in Kenya Trained on Internet Law and Digital Security

By Shitemi Khamadi |
In 2015, Allan Wadi, became the first Kenyan to be convicted of hate speech online. At a May 2017 training on internet and the law, he expressed gratitude for the opportunity to acquire skills and knowledge to avoid future arrest and prosecution. While he is currently facing an incitement to violence charge over a comment he made on Facebook in February 2016, he said he is now more aware of the extent of his rights and limitations with respect to the rights of others.
Wadi is however convinced that the various charges brought against him were unfair as many others who have made similar and according to him, graver comments online have gone unpunished. “I feel it was to set me as an example”, he remarked at the end of the training in Kisumu where 43 other youth including technology enthusiasts, communications students and bloggers were trained in the legal frameworks governing use of the internet in Kenya.

See: Allan Wadi Feels Arrests and Charges are Unfair

The objective of the training hosted by the Bloggers Association of Kenya (BAKE) in partnership with the Collaboration on International ICT Policy for East and Southern Africa (CIPESA) was to build participants’ understanding of rights and offenses related to the internet within the Kenyan legal context. The training was organized in light of shrinking rights of Kenya’s digital citizens in the face of new restrictive laws and increased arraignment of individuals for expressing online opinions which authorities deem in breach of the law, especially given the upcoming electioneering period.

Bake2

Prior to the Kisumu training, a similar training was held in Nairobi where a Senior Prosecutor in the office of the Director of Public Prosecutions (DPP), Duncan Ondimu, was unequivocal that his office would be more vigilant on hate speech cases online, arrest any perpetrator and charge them in court. “We will not spare anyone,” said Ondimu who also serves as the Senior Prosecution Counsel. He added that the DDP had set up a 24 hour toll free line to for citizens to report hate speech offenses from social media posts that the office would follow up with investigations. Kenyans can also report offences to the DPP on Facebook and Twitter.

Furthermore, Ondimu stated that while the country had made gains in removing clauses in various laws that limited freedom of expression, provisions relating to defamation still exist. In 2016, Section 29 of the Kenya Information and Communications Act, Section 194 of the Penal Code and Section 132 of the Penal code were declared unconstitutional.

Nonetheless, a key concern among participants in the two trainings was user safety online. In particular, combating harassment, stalking and cyber bullying especially against women. Digital security trainer Ephraim Muchemi took participants through communications and device protection practices including strong passwords, anti viruses, encryption (email and hard disk) and privacy settings on social media accounts.

Mr. Wadi challenged the bloggers and social media users to become the main source of information even for the mainstream media in documenting events during the election. “You should also act like observers and update electorates of the voting and tallying processes from various tallying centres”, he asserted.

He also urged BAKE and similar actors to continue with capacity building efforts aimed at empowering bloggers and social media activists, as well as supporting them during litigation over offences.

The trainings were organized in the context of the ICT4Democracy in East Africa initiative as part of efforts to promote ICT enabled participation in governance pre and post elections in Kenya.

Youth in the Civic and Social Tech Arena in Tanzania

By Ashnah Kalemera |
Sandra Kitenge, a student of Mbezi High School, is determined to bridge the gender gap in technology in Tanzania. Having benefited from the Apps and Girls programme that empowers girls with computer literacy and coding-for-change skills, she sought avenues through which she could contribute to amplifying grassroots voices as part of electoral processes in Tanzania. The solution: an idea for a mobile app known as Tujibu (Swahili for “answer us”) through which grassroots communities can interact with leaders on their manifestos so they can make informed election decisions.
Alongside her studies, Sandra has since 2015 conceptualised her idea and last May finalised the web interpretation for the app. Currently, she is working on the hosting for the app and hopes to have a prototype by September.
“The app will help leaders know the needs of their people and promote accountability in fulfilment of pledges,” she says.
Tujibu was among four technology tools presented at the first Civic and Social Tech in East Africa showcase  hosted by CIPESA in partnership with Buni Innovation Hub in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania on June 16.
Another tool showcased at the event was KodiYangu, a website on tracking the utilisation of tax funds in Tanzania. Currently in prototype stage, the website is expected to enable citizens to give feedback on priority areas for budget allocations and also inform relevant advocacy and awareness raising initiatives. KodiYangu is being incubated by the Hatua Project, an initiative for catalysing citizen engagement and innovation.


Also showcased was Changia, a mobile-based platform under development by the youth-led Tujenge software development company. The app, currently in testing phase, is aimed at community fundraising at local government level for health, water, and infrastructure challenges. Through the platform, duty bearers are able to fundraise for identified community concerns and citizens are also able to hold the leaders to account for funds collected.
Meanwhile, the web-based Platform for Youth and Policy Exchange (PYPE) will be aimed at promoting awareness and engagement among youths on policy issues. Using interactive online media and tools, PYPE will maintain a policy database on various sectors and conduct polls on specific youth policy issues.
“Youths can only effectively engage in governance if they are aware of the policies relevant to them and are able to follow up on implementation,” says Farhan Yusuf, a member of the PYPE developer team. An official from the Tanzania Policy Dialogue pledged to work with PYPE on policy analysis and advocacy following the Yusuf’s presentation at the showcase.
According to various developers, an ongoing challenge for social and civic tech innovation in Tanzania is the limited availability of information. Edwin Paul of KodiYangu says that, for the tax revenue and budget allocations, the latest figures they were working with were for the 2013/2014 financial year. “We don’t have access to the figures for the following years,” he adds. Nonetheless, developers hope that implementation of the recently passed Tanzania Access to Information Act, 2016 may help in making information more widely availability.

See this on the Right to Information in Tanzania: Insights on the Laws, Policies andPractices

Other challenges that Tanzanian developers face include high levels of illiteracy and low incentives for adoption of civic tech tools by duty bearers and citizens. Moreover, given ongoing cyber security challenges, participants at the tools showcase urged developers to make ensure their platforms have strong security provisions to safeguard against hackers, filter spam, and secure users’ information.


A panel comprising of representatives from the United Nations Association of Tanzania, the Forum for Climate Change Tanzania, Open Society Initiative East Africa (OSIEA) Tanzania office, the Tanzania Bora Initiative and Jamii Forums also discussed the impact of civic tech on engagements between citizens and duty bearers, as well as on improved governance in Tanzania. The panellists  noted that application of technology in their respective work had helped bridge the communication gap between citizens, duty bearers and civil society, especially in rural communities. Further, technology had enhanced access to information, citizens’ participation in decision-making processes, and government responsiveness to citizens’ concerns.
However, the panellists noted that awareness of civic duties remained low, supporting infrastructure such as electricity was a challenge, and there was limited research to inform the design and implementation of technology within their interventions. They urged developers to leverage mainstream and online media, as well as physical engagements, to complement their tools.
Finally, there was also a call for more support – funding and mentoring – for young innovators in civic tech and setting up of a “governance hub” to bring together tech and governance stakeholders to innovate and incubate ideas whilst avoiding duplication of efforts.
For her part, Sandra applauds the support she has received from mentors including the team at Apps and Girls, Buni and Niwezeshe Lab. She admits, however, that working on Tujibu whilst still in school is a challenge.
The June 16 tech showcase  was the first in a series of civic and social tech in East Africa engagements organised by CIPESA as part of the ICT4Democracy in East Africa initiative. The next event is scheduled to take place in July 2017 at Outbox hub in Kampala, Uganda.


 
 
 
 

Showcasing Civic and Social Tech in East Africa

By Ashnah Kalemera |
As access to information and communication technologies (ICT) has continued to grow across Africa, so have technology-based initiatives that enable social accountability and the participation of citizens in promoting transparency and accountability in government operations.
In Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda, there is a growing number of government portals for public sector information (PSI) provision, responding to complaints about quality of public services or for corruption whistle-blowing, and generally making PSI more readily available, such as open data portals and budget information websites.
In 2013, Uganda’s finance ministry launched the Know Your Budget portal with government budget expenditure and plans for national and local levels. Citizens are able to interrogate the data and provide feedback or ask questions about budgets for different administrative units. In Kenya, the National Treasury has since 2007 published online its budgets and expenditure figures, offering citizens the opportunity to interrogate the numbers and raise queries to the treasury and to oversight bodies such as parliament.
Similarly, Tanzania developed the Wananchi Portal (or Citizens’ Portal) as a channel for receiving complaints from citizens about the quality of public services. A comparable initiative in Uganda is an ICT platform that enables citizens to provide information and tip-offs to the government anti-corruption ombudsman known as the Inspectorate of Government (IG). Using the IG’s SMS Corruption Tracker, a case can be reported to the ombudsman via the website or through texting Corrupt to 6009 toll free.
The various initiatives in the three countries are improving duty bearers’ use of ICT to provide information and get feedback from citizens, and a growing (but still unsatisfactory) number of leaders are becoming active users of ICT, particularly social media. This is aiding the sprouting of citizen-side eParticipation initiatives in Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda – in social accountability including quality of public services monitoring, in political campaigning, parliamentary monitoring, and generally giving citizens platforms to debate issues of community and national concern, including democratic governance issues.
Uganda’s Parliament Watch and Kenya’s Mzalendo use social media to monitor the performance of parliamentarians. Also in Uganda, civic groups such as Women of Uganda Network and ToroDev use Ushahidi for citizens to report on service delivery failures and thereby compelling duty bearers to take remedial action. Similarly, Transparency International’s Stop Health Worker Absenteeism initiative enables citizens in Northern Uganda to report health service delivery failures via a toll free call centre.
However, despite having a vibrant mobile and web application development sector in East Africa, partly driven by innovation hubs such as Buni, iHub, Outbox and Hive Colab, whose patrons are mostly youths, there is still a gap in the appreciation of innovation related to civic engagement and social accountability. This is a reflection of how distant the local tech industry and many youth in East Africa are from engaging in democratic and governance processes.
Indeed, according to research conducted by iHub in 2015, there was growing interest in web and mobile applications innovation in support of civic participation, service delivery, transparency and accountability across the region. However, the “hype” remained within tech hubs and tech competitions such as hackathons, often excluding other relevant stakeholders such as civil society, the media and government.
As such, CIPESA, under the ICT4Democracy in East Africa initiative, has embarked on a series of events showcasing innovation in social and civic tech geared at increasing knowledge and awareness, and promoting opportunities for collaboration among technologists and actors in the transparency, accountability and human rights arena.
Stay tuned for updates!

Le Parlement de la République démocratique du Congo est invité à adopter des lois qui appuient les droits des citoyens en ligne

Statement |
Les acteurs de la société civile dans la ville congolaise de Goma ont exhorté le Gouvernement de la République démocratique du Congo (RDC) à apporter des modifications à ses lois actuelles régissant les technologies de l’information et de la communication (TIC) pour les rendre favorables à la croissance de l’utilisation d’Internet, comme la vie privée en ligne, l’accès à l’information et la liberté d’expression.
Les acteurs de la société civile, y compris des journalistes, des militants des droits numériques et les blogueurs, ont également exhorté le Parlement du pays et le Ministère des TIC à offrir des moyens significatifs aux citoyens de fournir des contributions aux nouvelles lois proposées dans le secteur des télécommunications.
Le gouvernement a récemment envoyé au Parlement le projet de loi sur les télécommunications et les TIC visant à mettre à jour la loi-cadre 013/2002 sur les télécommunications, ainsi que le projet de loi sur les transactions électroniques, et une loi modifiant la loi qui a mis en place le régulateur – l’Autorité de Régulation des Postes et Télécommunications du Congo (ARPTC). Cependant, ni le Parlement ni le Ministère n’ont annoncé de possibilités pour les autres parties prenantes de faire des commentaires ou des observations sur ces projets de loi.
L’importance des consultations des parties prenantes dans les processus décisionnels en RDC a été l’une des questions qui ont émergé lors d’un atelier de formation sur les politiques et le plaidoyer autour des TIC tenu à Goma les 10 et 11 juin 2017 par Rudi International en collaboration avec Collaboration on International ICT Policy for East and Southern Africa (CIPESA). Les participants ont noté que l’exclusion des acteurs, comme ceux du secteur privé, de la société civile, etc. du processus législatif pourrait conduire à l’adoption de lois qui nuisent à l’accès et à l’utilisation de l’internet dans le pays d’Afrique centrale.
À l’heure actuelle, l’adoption des TIC en RDC fait face à plusieurs défis, y compris des coûts de données déraisonnablement élevés qui ont largement contribué au faible taux de pénétration de l’Internet de 4,2% en 2016. La loi-cadre 013/2002 sur les Télécommunications et la loi 14/2002 sur le Régulateur sont les lois primaires régissant entre autres, les communications en ligne, mais elles ne prévoient pas suffisamment de garanties au sujet des droits des citoyens à la vie privée, ni ne fournissent un environnement propice aux citoyens pour jouir du droit à la libre expression sur Internet.
En outre, ces lois contiennent des clauses vagues telles que « l’intérêt public », « perturbation de l’ordre public », « vérité ultime » et « sécurité nationale » qui créent la latitude pour des abus des lois, y compris par la censure et la surveillance. Pendant ce temps, les fournisseurs de services d’Internet et de télécommunications n’ont pas de protection contre les interférences indues de l’État, comme en témoigne l’évolution des coupures de l’Internet ces dernières années.
Les nouvelles lois proposées sont les bienvenues parce qu’elles présentent l’opportunité d’expurger des articles rétrogradés des lois existantes et de remédier aux lacunes actuelles. Cependant, les projets de loi ne reflètent pas une protection suffisante pour les droits des citoyens à la vie privée et à la liberté d’expression, et ils ne prennent pas en charge adéquatement la libre circulation de l’information en ligne. Par exemple, le projet de loi sur les Télécommunications et les TIC contient plusieurs clauses problématiques, notamment en accordant au Ministre des pouvoirs excessifs sur l’interception des communications et leur interruption. Le ministre et l’organisme de régulation renforcent également leur pouvoir face aux opérations des prestataires de services. En outre, il existe de faibles dispositions relatives à la protection des données ; le projet de loi étant dépourvu de mécanismes indépendants de surveillance, en particulier en ce qui concerne l’Etat qui fait des demandes d’informations sur les abonnés aux fournisseurs de services.
Le manque de mécanismes indépendants de surveillance pour lutter contre l’abus du pouvoir excessif par le ministre ne garantit pas que les citoyens soient protégés contre l’interception injustifiée de la communication.
Bien que l’article 175 du projet de loi sur les télécommunications et les TIC reconnaisse le droit du citoyen de demander des informations sur ses données personnelles auprès de l’État ou d’une autre entité, il n’existe pas de dispositions claires sur la manière dont ces informations peuvent être demandées ou si les détenteurs de cette information sont obligés de répondre à une demande d’information dans un délai déterminé.
La communication en ligne sécurisée est prioritaire selon les articles 116-117. Cependant, des clauses qui permettent à l’Etat d’intercepter la communication privée avec des garanties limitées sont également incluses. En outre, l’article 119 comprend une disposition pour que le Procureur général désigne un magistrat en chef qui peut demander à un agent qualifié du Ministère des TIC ou d’une entreprise de télécommunications de mettre en place des mécanismes permettant l’interception de la communication en ligne des citoyens.
Au cours de l’atelier de formation, les acteurs de la société civile ont noté que ces clauses contreviennent aux normes internationales en matière de droits de l’homme énoncées dans un certain nombre d’instruments, y compris la Déclaration universelle des droits de l’homme, la Charte africaine des droits de l’homme et des peuples et la Déclaration africaine sur les droits et les libertés de l’Internet.
En tant que tel, ils ont recommandé que:

  • Il devrait y avoir une participation accrue de plus d’acteurs dans le processus de développement de la loi, ainsi que des engagements réguliers multipartites entre le gouvernement, les prestataires de services et la société civile;
  • Le gouvernement, en particulier le Ministère des TIC et le Parlement, devrait diffuser largement les trois projets de loi, sensibiliser à leurs objectifs et inviter des commentaires des diverses parties prenantes;
  • La législature devrait veiller à ce que les terminologies vagues, y compris la « sécurité nationale », les « illicites » et les « interférences a l’ordre public », soient bien définies avant l’adoption de ces lois ;
  • Suite au fait que, dans sa forme actuelle, le projet de loi sur les télécommunications et les TIC crée des marges d’abus en donnant des pouvoirs excessifs au Régulateur et aux Ministres de l’Intérieur, de la Défense et de la Sécurité, le pouvoir judiciaire et le Parlement devraient avoir un mandat de surveillance plus large sur le Régulateur et le Ministre.
  • Une loi spécifique sur la protection des données devrait être promulguée pour garantir la sauvegarde des données personnelles et de la vie privée des citoyens;
  • Le projet de loi sur les Télécommunications et les TIC devrait préciser les procédures pour que les citoyens demandent de l’information de l’État et la publication de ces informations par l’État;
  • Les trois lois examinées par le Parlement devraient inclure des clauses qui protègent le droit à la liberté d’expression et la libre circulation de l’information;
  • Des clauses sur la non-discrimination et l’égalité devraient être introduites dans la loi proposée sur les télécommunications et les TIC, notamment en criminalisant les actions qui favorisent le cyber-harcèlement, la pornographie de vengeance et d’autres actes qui constituent une violence en ligne contre les femmes et d’autres groupes minoritaires et vulnérables.

Ces recommandations font écho à celles faites par le CIPESA dans le rapport sur l’Etat des libertés de l’Internet en RD Congo en 2016, qui a également demandé au Parlement de travailler avec d’autres parties prenantes, y compris la société civile, les internautes, le secteur privé, les universitaires et les médias pour examiner les lois et modifier celles qui limitent et restreignent les droits des citoyens à la vie privée, à la liberté d’association, d’expression et à l’accès à l’information. Le rapport a également déclaré que la rédaction et la modification des lois devraient respecter des normes internationales acceptables en matière de droits de l’homme.